Uptake, accumulation and impact of antiretroviral and antiviral pharmaceutical compounds in lettuce

While the contamination of agroecosystems with pharmaceutical compounds has been reported, fate these compounds, particularly uptake into plants remains unclear. This lack environmental data is evident for a critical class pharmaceuticals, antivirals and antiretrovirals (ARVDs). Thus, this study evaluated root antiretroviral nevirapine, lamivudine efavirenz, antiviral compound oseltamivir in lettuce. The lettuce was hydroponically grown nutrient solution containing four ARVD mixture 1–100 ?g L?1 concentration range. measured bioaccumulation showed that efavirenz accumulated to highest lowest degree, at concentrations 3463 ng g?1 691 respectively. translocation factor between leaf nevirapine greater than 1. had physiological impact on Potential toxicity evidenced by statistically significant 34% (p = 0.04) mean reduction biomass 100 mix exposed lettuce, compared controls. advances knowledge ARVDs agroecosystems, particular, plant – interaction resulting potentially toxic effects plants.